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 ARTICLE 31A Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc. (1) Notwithstanding  anything contained in article 13, no law providing for: (a) the acquisition by the State of any estate or of any rights therein or the extinguishment or modification of any such rights, or  (b) the taking over of the management of any property by the State for a limited period either in the public interest or in order to secure the proper management of the property, or  (c) the amalgamation of two or more corporations either in the public interest or in order to secure the proper management of any of the corporations, or  (d) the extinguishment or modification of any rights of managing agents, secretaries and treasurers, managing directors, directors or managers of corporations, or of any voting rights of shareholders thereof, or  (e) the extinguishment or modification of any rights accruing by virtue of any agreement, lease or licence for the purpose of searching for, or winning, any mineral or

 WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political;  LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;  EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;  and to promote among them all  FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;  IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.